I'll give up a pawn for an initiative early in the game (a gambit, basically). In the middle game, I'll give up the equivalent of one or two pawns for a decent attack, which can also include things like an exchange sac or giving up a minor piece for one or two pawns. I usually won't give up an entire piece for no material compensation unless I see a REALLY strong attack, and I probably have to see a checkmate to give up more than that.
Of course, that doesn't mean that I don't miscalculate, as when I gave up two pieces for two pawns and what I thought was a mating attack last weekend, only to overlook a defensive move where my opponent gave back the material to stop the attack. Interestingly, I ended up a pawn down, but got a draw by perpetual check.
--Fromper